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This heterogeneity of attentional strategy observed in neutral condition seems not to be related to a specific typology of motor task or subjects' expertise but represents a part of the natural learning process in which participants focus on movement, environment, or a combination of these elements in search of the most efficient motor program. revealed that participants used predominantly a mixed focus of attention during an agility task. At opposite, other authors in a running task showed that the predominant focus was EFA.
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, during a sprint start performance, found that most participants adopted an IFA instruction. The second aspect concerns the “manipulation check” of the participant's attentional focus spontaneously adopted in neutral condition that should be known to avoid bias of results. Indeed, they investigated without a control condition and in absence of attentional instruction a population of expert musicians. provided initial evidence that EFA compared to IFA is more effective to determine an improvement of the accuracy of playing a passage at the music keyboard, however generalizability of these findings remains questionable. The first aspect is about the effect of attentional focus on fine motor skill such as fingers movement. ĭespite the wide interest in this area of research, several aspects have received less consideration.
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Examples of tasks examined were balance, force production, basketball free throw shot, golf swing, single leg movement, long jump, gymnastic, sprint, and physical performance. Moreover the role of attention in motor control is renown and numerous studies conducted on the field have examined the effect of attentional focus on accuracy outcome measures. Some evidence seems to confirm the higher level of efficiency obtained in EFA condition as it was associated with a reduced cognitive demand during the execution of the task, an increased low amplitude and high frequency of movement adjustments, a reduced electromyography activity, a greater movement fluidity, and a reduction of oxygen consumption. According to this theory IFA constrains the motor system and worsens the quality of motor execution by requiring a higher level of conscious control instead EFA promotes automatic, unconscious, fast, and reflexive control processes, which underpin the effectiveness (e.g., accuracy, consistency, and reliability in achieving the goal) and efficiency (e.g., fluent and economical executions and automaticity) of motor performance. To explain these findings the Constrained Action Hypothesis was proposed. The benefit of EFA has been shown in movement efficacy, efficiency, and kinematics and extends across different types of tasks, skill levels, and age groups. Researchers reported that EFA, more than IFA, influences motor performance and effective learning in healthy subjects and in patients with musculoskeletal disorders and central nervous system diseases.
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The internal focus of attention (IFA) is directed to the specific body segments involved in producing a movement (e.g., a limb), while the external focus of attention (EFA) is directed to a specific outcome or to the effects produced by the movement on the environment (e.g., a target, the implement, or apparatus). These goals are pursued by different cognitive facilitations such as verbal instructions that recall the attentional focus of performer to specific elements. The achievement of an effective and stable motor performance represents an everyday challenge in sport, exercise, and rehabilitation setting. Due its clinical relevance, the interaction between attention and finger movement should be further investigated. Our results confirm that EFA is more effective than IFA and control in finger movement task. In the control group 10% of subjects adopted a purely EFA, 70% of subjects adopted a purely IFA, and 20% of subjects adopted a mixture of the two foci. Participants preferred EFA against IFA and control condition. EFA determined less error ( p < 0.01) compared to control and IFA. Errors, patient's preference, and type of attentional focus spontaneously adopted during the control condition were recorded. Ten healthy right-handed participants performed a finger movement task in control, EFA, and IFA conditions (counterbalanced). The objective of the study was to investigate motor performance, patient's preference induced by IFA and EFA, and the focus during control condition. To date the role of these strategies on motor performance during finger movement was less studied. Several studies showed EFA to be more effective than IFA to improve motor performance and learning. External focus of attention (EFA) and internal focus of attention (IFA) represent commonly used strategies to instruct subjects during exercise.